Nasional, Jumpaonline – Pada saat pemerintahan Soeharto, media massa Tempo, Detik, dan Editor tepatnya pada tahun 1994 dibredel karena memberitakan hal-hal yang membuat gerah pemerintah.
Dunia pers yang seharusnya mencerminkan kebebasan tetapi itu semua hanyalah angan belaka yang terjadi pada zaman Orde Baru. Karena pada masa itu pers dikekang oleh pemerintah dengan menjadikannya sebagai alat pemberitaan yang hanya boleh menyiarkan berita-berita baik yang dapat mengharumkan pemerintah. Media massa atau pers yang seharusnya memiliki fungsi sebagai penyambung lidah antara pemerintah dan masyarakat dibungkam apabila memberitakan hal-hal yang dapat merugikan pemerintah.
Menurut Charisma Asri Fitrananda, Dosen Dasar Jurnalistik dan Reportase Investigasi Universitas Pasundan, pers pada masa Orde Baru terlalu diberatkan oleh batasan-batasan yang diberikan pemerintah sehingga tidak menciptakan kebebasan pers itu sendiri. Lantas setelah 27 tahun berlalu, apakah media massa atau pers saat ini sudah merdeka?
Berikut adalah hasil wawancara tim Jumpa dengan Charisma Asri Fitrananda.
Bagaimana situasi media massa pada zaman Orde Baru?
Media massa atau pers pada zaman Orde Baru bisa dibilang transisi dari pers otoriter yang dimiliki oleh pemerintah menjadi pers bertangung jawab sosial atau lebih dikenal dengan pers Pancasila. Pers memang diberikan kebebasan untuk memberitakan apapun, tetapi pada akhirnya pemerintah memberikan batasan-batasan pada pers seperti harus mempunyai Surat Izin Terbit dari Departemen Penerangan. Dengan adanya batasan-batasan tersebut, kebebasan pers memudar. Pada saat itu pers dinilai tak menjalankan fungsinya dan terlalu memberikan informasi yang sifatnya menekan terhadap kekuasaan pemerintah Orde Baru. Jadi, tidak heran jika media yang terlalu vokal dilakukan pembredelan. Pembredelannya macam-macam, ada yang kantor medianya diobrak-abrik atau diberi tekanan kepada produser dan penerbitnya.
Apa yang melatarbelakangi pembredelan majalah Tempo, Detik, dan Editor pada saat itu?
Saat itu segala penerbitan pers berada dalam pengawasan pemerintah. Jadi, apapun yang diberitakan oleh pers sangat diawasi, sehingga pers tersebut tidak dapat menjalankan fungsi yang sesungguhnya. Pemerintah memang mempunyai wewenang dalam menertibkan media massa karena Dewan Pers saat itu tidak berdiri sendiri. Ketua Dewan Pers adalah Menteri Penerangan, bukannya bisa melindungi pers tetapi menjadi alat pemerintah untuk mengatur dan mengawasi pers saat itu. Dan hal itu membuat media massa gerah, dalam artian ingin menjalankan fungsinya secara terbuka tapi masih ada batasan yang diberikan pemerintah.
Maka dari itu, ada beberapa media yang mencoba untuk bangkit dengan cara memberitakan kejadian-kejadian yang menyudutkan pemerintah. Seperti pemberitaan kasus tindakan-tindakan korupsi. Selain itu, kasus yang membuat Soeharto geram pada media massa saat itu adalah adanya pemberitaan tentang pembelian kapal impor bekas oleh B.J. Habibie yang saat itu menjabat sebagai Menteri Riset dan Teknologi yang dimuat oleh Tempo. Hal itu menyebabkan pemerintah mencabut izin cetak pada Tempo saat itu.
Sebagai watchdog, bagaimana media massa memainkan perannya pada masa tersebut?
Peran media massa saat itu tidak berfungsi dengan baik, sebagaimana pers dalam menyebarkan informasi yang faktual. Sehingga pers saat itu tidak bisa menjadi watchdog atau pengawas seutuhnya serta tidak bisa menjadi sebuah alat pengawas kinerja sebuah pemerintahan saat itu.
Upaya apa yang harus dilakukan untuk mewujudkan kebebasan pers?
Sebenarnya upayanya adalah pembredelan itu sendiri. Ketika Tempo, Detik, dan Editor dibredel oleh pemerintah, itu menunjukkan bahwa apa yang telah diberitakan oleh media massa tersebut adalah sebuah kebenaran. Ketika hal tersebut terjadi, maka upaya yang harus dijalankan untuk tetap menjaga kebebasan pers itu sendiri adalah dengan mengingat kejadian pembredelan itu. Karena pembredelan saat itu menjadi titik balik perjuangan, dimana semua pihak yaitu pers, aktivis, dan masyarakat saling membantu untuk memperjuangkan kebenaran dan demokrasi.
Apakah pers saat ini sudah merasakan kebebasan?
Menurut saya sudah lebih dari merasakan kebebasan, karena sekarang media sudah bisa memberitakan tentang apapun dan kapanpun. Apalagi ditunjang dengan media independen, digitalisasi, internet, juga banyaknya kemunculan media baru membuat informasi itu masif dan tidak dapat dikontrol yang artinya pers sudah merasakan atau mengalami kebebasan seutuhnya. Apabila media konvensional selalu memberitakan hal yang sama, beda halnya dengan media independen yang cenderung memberitakan apa yang tidak diberitakan atau dipublikasi oleh media konvensional.
Apa yang perlu dimaknai dari kejadian-kejadian lampau pada hari ini?
Cukup dijadikan pembelajaran. Apabila tidak ada pembredelan Tempo, Editor, dan Detik mungkin kita saat ini masih “dibungkam dengan halus” oleh pemerintah. Tapi dengan adanya pembredelan itu bisa membangkitkan keberanian para jurnalis untuk meyuarakan kebenaran hingga saat ini.
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